deci-Hz Gravitational Wave Observations on the Moon and Beyond
Author(s)
Berti, Emanuele, Branchesi, Marica, Buonanno, Alessandra, Corsi, Alessandra, D'Orazio, Daniel J., Harms, Jan, Hogan, Jason M., Iacovelli, Francesco, Jani, Karan, Kamionkowski, Marc, Komori, Kentaro, Kritos, Konstantinos, Maselli, Andrea, Miller, M. Coleman, Mingarelli, Chiara M.F., Quetschke, Volker, Sathyaprakash, B.S., Shoemaker, David H., Silk, Joseph, Slutsky, Jacob P., Thorpe, James Ira, Trippe, James, Vetrugno, Daniele, Vitale, Stefano
Abstract
This document summarizes talks and discussions from the workshop "deci-Hz Gravitational Wave Observations on the Moon and Beyond" that took place at Johns Hopkins University between September 1 and September 3, 2025. The workshop focused on experimental proposals to observe gravitational waves in the deci-Hz band, including lunar detectors, laser interferometers in space, and atom interferometry; gravitational wave sources in the deci-Hz frequency band; and the multi-messenger and multi-band astronomy that would be enabled by these observations.
Figures
Caption
The workshop logo (a frame from the movie ``Le Voyage dans a Lune'' by George M\'eli\`es). See \cite{deciHz} for more information.References
- [1] J. Aasi et al. (LIGO Scientific), Class. Quant. Grav. 32, 074001 (2015), arXiv:1411.4547 [gr-qc] .
- [2] F. Acernese et al. (VIRGO), Class. Quant. Grav. 32, 024001 (2015), arXiv:1408.3978 [gr-qc] .
- [3] Y. Aso, Y. Michimura, K. Somiya, M. Ando, O. Miyakawa, T. Sekiguchi, D. Tatsumi, and H. Yamamoto (KAGRA), Phys. Rev. D 88, 043007 (2013), arXiv:1306.6747 [gr-qc] .
- [4] D. Reitze et al., Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 51, 035 (2019), arXiv:1907.04833 [astro-ph.IM] .
- [5] M. Evans et al., “A Horizon Study for Cosmic Explorer: Science, Observatories, and Community,” (2021), https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.09882, arXiv:2109.09882 [astro-ph.IM] .
- [6] M. Punturo et al., Class. Quant. Grav. 27, 194002 (2010).
- [7] M. Colpi et al., LISA Definition Study Report, Tech. Rep. arXiv:2402.07571 (LISA Collaboration, 2024) red Book; 155 pages, arXiv:2402.07571 [astro-ph.CO] .
- [7] M. Colpi et al., LISA Definition Study Report, Tech. Rep. arXiv:2402.07571 (LISA Collaboration, 2024) red Book; 155 pages, arXiv:2402.07571 [astro-ph.CO] .
- [8] G. Agazie et al. (NANOGrav), Astrophys. J. Lett. 951, L8 (2023), arXiv:2306.16213 [astroph.HE] .
- [9] J. Antoniadis et al. (EPTA, InPTA:), Astron. Astrophys. 678, A50 (2023), arXiv:2306.16214 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [10] D. J. Reardon et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 951, L6 (2023), arXiv:2306.16215 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [11] H. Xu et al., Res. Astron. Astrophys. 23, 075024 (2023), arXiv:2306.16216 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [12] M. T. Miles et al., Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 536, 1489 (2024), arXiv:2412.01153 [astroph.HE] .
- [13] G. Agazie et al. (NANOGrav), Astrophys. J. 985, 99 (2025), arXiv:2411.13472 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [14] I. Mandel, A. Sesana, and A. Vecchio, Class. Quant. Grav. 35, 054004 (2018), arXiv:1710.11187 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [15] M. A. Sedda et al., Class. Quant. Grav. 37, 215011 (2020), arXiv:1908.11375 [gr-qc] .
- [16] K. Izumi and K. Jani, in Handbook of Gravitational Wave Astronomy, edited by C. Bambi, S. Katsanevas, and K. D. Kokkotas (Springer, Singapore, 2021) p. 50.
- [17] P. Ajith et al., JCAP 01, 108 (2025), arXiv:2404.09181 [gr-qc] .
- [18] “deci-Hz Gravitational Wave Observations on the Moon and Beyond website,” https:// sites.google.com/gssi.it/decihzgwonthemoon/ (2025).
- [19] Gravitational-Wave International Committee (GWIC), “Gwic – global coordination for gravitational-wave physics and astronomy,” https://gwic.science (2025).
- [20] M. Bailes et al., Nature Rev. Phys. 3, 344 (2021).
- [21] DECIGO Working Group / ISAS–JAXA, “Deci-hertz interferometer gravitational wave observatory (decigo),” https://decigo.jp/index_E.html (2025).
- [22] TianQin Project Team / Sun Yat-sen University, “Tianqin: Space-based gravitational-wave observatory (china),” https://tianqin.sysu.edu.cn/english (2025).
- [23] European Space Agency (ESA), “Voyage 2050: Long-term planning of the esa science programme (2035–2050),” https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/voyage-2050 (2021).
- [24] At the time of writing Matthew Bailes and David H. Shoemaker; the GWIC WebPage carries the current chair and secretary, “Contact information,” Personal communication (2025), emails: matthew.bailes@gmail.com; dhs@mit.edu.
- [24] At the time of writing Matthew Bailes and David H. Shoemaker; the GWIC WebPage carries the current chair and secretary, “Contact information,” Personal communication (2025), emails: matthew.bailes@gmail.com; dhs@mit.edu.
- [24] At the time of writing Matthew Bailes and David H. Shoemaker; the GWIC WebPage carries the current chair and secretary, “Contact information,” Personal communication (2025), emails: matthew.bailes@gmail.com; dhs@mit.edu.
- [25] I. Gupta et al., Class. Quant. Grav. 41, 245001 (2024), arXiv:2307.10421 [gr-qc] .
- [26] M. Evans et al., “Cosmic Explorer: A Submission to the NSF MPSAC ngGW Subcommittee,” (2023), https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.13745, arXiv:2306.13745 [astro-ph.IM] .
- [27] V. Kalogera, S. Alexander, A. A., C. Bennett, M. Branchesi, L. R. Cominsky, E. Halkiadakis, G. Gonzalez, H. Lück, K. Scholberg, K. Wechsler, C. M. Will, and M. Zaldarriaga, “Nsf mpsac subcommittee on next-generation gravitationalwave detector concepts report,” (2024), available at https://nsf-gov-resources. nsf.gov/files/mpsac-nggw-subcommittee-repor-2024-03-23-r.pdf?VersionId= uhdtblJUPYsavII5EUuSNQJcFdRr92q_.
- [28] S. Borhanian and B. S. Sathyaprakash, Phys. Rev. D 110, 083040 (2024), arXiv:2202.11048 [gr-qc] .
- [29] V. Kalogera et al., “The Next Generation Global Gravitational Wave Observatory: The Science Book,” (2021), arXiv:2111.06990 [gr-qc] .
- [30] C. S. Unnikrishnan, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 22, 1341010 (2013), arXiv:1510.06059 [physics.insdet] .
- [31] S. Pandey, I. Gupta, K. Chandra, and B. S. Sathyaprakash, Astrophys. J. Lett. 985, L17 (2025), arXiv:2411.10349 [gr-qc] .
- [32] M. Maggiore et al. (ET), JCAP 03, 050 (2020), arXiv:1912.02622 [astro-ph.CO] .
- [33] B. Sathyaprakash et al., Class. Quant. Grav. 29, 124013 (2012), [Erratum: Class.Quant.Grav. 30, 079501 (2013)], arXiv:1206.0331 [gr-qc] .
- [33] B. Sathyaprakash et al., Class. Quant. Grav. 29, 124013 (2012), [Erratum: Class.Quant.Grav. 30, 079501 (2013)], arXiv:1206.0331 [gr-qc] .
- [34] A. Abac et al., “The Science of the Einstein Telescope,” (2025), submitted for publication in JCAP, arXiv:2503.12263 [gr-qc] .
- [35] R. Huxford, R. Kashyap, S. Borhanian, A. Dhani, I. Gupta, and B. S. Sathyaprakash, Phys. Rev. D 109, 103035 (2024), arXiv:2307.05376 [gr-qc] .
- [36] R. Kashyap, I. Gupta, A. Dhani, M. Bapna, and B. Sathyaprakash, “Optimizing Bayesian model selection for equation of state of cold neutron stars,” (2025), submitted for publication in Phys. Rev. D, arXiv:2502.03831 [gr-qc] .
- [37] S. Khadkikar, I. Gupta, R. Kashyap, K. Chandra, R. Gamba, and B. S. Sathyaprakash, Phys. Rev. D 112, 063020 (2025), arXiv:2502.03463 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [38] K. Chatziioannou, Gen. Rel. Grav. 52, 109 (2020), arXiv:2006.03168 [gr-qc] .
- [39] A. Bauswein, N. Stergioulas, and H.-T. Janka, Phys. Rev. D 92, 084043 (2015), arXiv:1503.08769 [astro-ph.SR] .
- [40] A. Prakash, I. Gupta, M. Breschi, R. Kashyap, D. Radice, S. Bernuzzi, D. Logoteta, and B. S. Sathyaprakash, Phys. Rev. D 109, 103008 (2024), arXiv:2310.06025 [gr-qc] .
- [41] A. Corsi et al., Front. Astron. Space Sci. 11, 1386748 (2024), arXiv:2402.13445 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [42] M. Branchesi et al., JCAP 07, 068 (2023), arXiv:2303.15923 [gr-qc] .
- [43] S. Ronchini, M. Branchesi, G. Oganesyan, B. Banerjee, U. Dupletsa, G. Ghirlanda, J. Harms, M. Mapelli, and F. Santoliquido, Astron. Astrophys. 665, A97 (2022), arXiv:2204.01746 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [44] P. R. Saulson, Phys. Rev. D 30, 732 (1984).
- [45] J. Harms, Living Rev. Rel. 22, 6 (2019).
- [46] N. Christensen, Rep. Prog. Phys. 82, 016903 (2019), arXiv:1811.08797 [gr-qc] .
- [47] T. Regimbau, Res. Astron. Astrophys. 11, 369 (2011), arXiv:1101.2762 [astro-ph] .
- [48] M. Favata, C. Kim, K. G. Arun, J. Kim, and H. W. Lee, Phys. Rev. D 105, 023003 (2022), arXiv:2108.05861 [gr-qc] .
- [49] E. K. Porter and A. Sesana, “Eccentric Massive Black Hole Binaries in LISA I : The Detection Capabilities of Circular Templates,” (2010), https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.05861, arXiv:1005.5296 [gr-qc] .
- [50] H.-Y. Chen et al., Astrophys. J. 867, 105 (2018), arXiv:1802.01554 [astro-ph.CO] .
- [51] B. Zhou, L. Reali, E. Berti, M. Çalışkan, C. Creque-Sarbinowski, M. Kamionkowski, and B. S. Sathyaprakash, Phys. Rev. D 108, 064040 (2023), arXiv:2209.01310 [gr-qc] .
- [52] H. Zhong, B. Zhou, L. Reali, E. Berti, and V. Mandic, Phys. Rev. D 110, 064047 (2024), arXiv:2406.10757 [gr-qc] .
- [53] H. Zhong, L. Reali, B. Zhou, E. Berti, and V. Mandic, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 111401 (2025), arXiv:2501.17717 [gr-qc] .
- [54] S. Kawamura et al., PTEP 2021, 05A105 (2021), arXiv:2006.13545 [gr-qc] .
- [55] C. Cutler et al., Phys. Rev. D 80, 102002 (2009), arXiv:0907.5375 [astro-ph.CO] .
- [56] J. Harms, S. Benetti, E. Berti, X. Bian, A. Bonforte, M. Branchesi, R. D. Ceca, C. Collette, A. Corsi, M. W. Coughlin, S. Doravari, A. Frigeri, K. Gill, O. Gerberding, J. van Heijningen, F. Iacovelli, A. Marcelli, A. Maselli, M. Olivieri, F. Patat, A. Perali, G. D. Rico, R. Serafinelli, P. Severgnini, A. Stallone, and M. Zeoli, Key Non-Polar Destinations Across the Moon to Address Decadal-level Science Objectives with Human Explorers: Call for Input (2025).
- [57] B. Banerjee et al., Astron. Astrophys. 678, A126 (2023), arXiv:2212.14007 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [58] M. Armano et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 061101 (2018).
- [59] S. Burke-Spolaor et al., Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 27, 5 (2019), arXiv:1811.08826 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [60] C. M. F. Mingarelli, L. Blecha, T. Bogdanović, M. Charisi, S. Chen, A. Escala, B. Goncharov, M. J. Graham, S. Komossa, S. T. McWilliams, D. A. Schwartz, and J. Zrake, Nat. Astron. 9, 183 (2025), arXiv:2501.08956 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [61] P. Petrov, S. R. Taylor, M. Charisi, and C.-P. Ma, Astrophys. J. 976, 129 (2024), arXiv:2406.04409 [astro-ph.GA] .
- [62] Z. Arzoumanian et al. (NANOGrav), Astrophys. J. 900, 102 (2020), arXiv:2005.07123 [astroph.GA] .
- [63] N. Agarwal et al., “The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Targeted Searches for Supermassive Black Hole Binaries,” (2025), https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.16534, arXiv:2508.16534 [astroph.HE] .
- [64] M. J. Graham, S. G. Djorgovski, D. Stern, A. J. Drake, A. A. Mahabal, C. Donalek, E. Glikman, S. Larsen, and E. Christensen, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 453, 1562 (2015), arXiv:1507.07603 [astro-ph.GA] .
- [65] R. W. Hellings and G. S. Downs, Astrophys. J. Lett. 265, L39 (1983).
- [66] B. Bécsy, N. J. Cornish, P. Petrov, X. Siemens, S. R. Taylor, S. J. Vigeland, and C. A. Witt, Class. Quant. Grav. 42, 175016 (2025), arXiv:2502.18114 [gr-qc] .
- [67] L.-F. Wang, Y. Shao, S.-R. Xiao, J.-F. Zhang, and X. Zhang, JCAP 05, 095 (2025), arXiv:2201.00607 [astro-ph.CO] .
- [68] L. J. Tacconi, C. S. Arridge, A. Buonanno, M. Cruise, O. Grasset, A. Helmi, L. Iess, E. Komatsu, J. Leconte, J. Martin-Pintado, R. Nakamura, and D. Watson, “Voyage 2050: Final recommendations from the Voyage 2050 Senior Committee,” (2021).
- [69] “Gravitational-Wave Space 2050: A Study Team Report,” (2026 in preparation).
- [70] J. Baker et al., Exper. Astron. 51, 1441 (2021), arXiv:1908.11410 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [71] V. Baibhav et al., Exper. Astron. 51, 1385 (2021), arXiv:1908.11390 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [72] A. Sesana et al., Exper. Astron. 51, 1333 (2021), arXiv:1908.11391 [astro-ph.IM] .
- [73] K. Breivik et al., Astrophys. J. 898, 71 (2020), arXiv:1911.00903 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [74] M. A. Sedda, M. Mapelli, M. Benacquista, and M. Spera, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 520, 5259 (2023), arXiv:2109.12119 [astro-ph.GA] .
- [75] A. Sesana, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 231102 (2016), arXiv:1602.06951 [gr-qc] .
- [76] A. Toubiana, S. Babak, S. Marsat, and S. Ossokine, Phys. Rev. D 106, 104034 (2022), arXiv:2206.12439 [gr-qc] .
- [77] R. Buscicchio, J. Torrado, C. Caprini, G. Nardini, N. Karnesis, M. Pieroni, and A. Sesana, JCAP 01, 084 (2025), arXiv:2410.18171 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [78] S. Wu, A. H. Nitz, I. Harry, S. Babak, M. J. Williams, C. Capano, and C. Weaving, (2025), arXiv:2506.01898 [gr-qc] .
- [79] E. Barausse, N. Yunes, and K. Chamberlain, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 241104 (2016), arXiv:1603.04075 [gr-qc] .
- [80] S. E. Perkins, N. Yunes, and E. Berti, Phys. Rev. D 103, 044024 (2021), arXiv:2010.09010 [gr-qc] .
- [81] T. Baker, E. Barausse, A. Chen, C. de Rham, M. Pieroni, and G. Tasinato, JCAP 03, 044 (2023), arXiv:2209.14398 [gr-qc] .
- [82] C. Cutler et al., (2019), arXiv:1903.04069 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [83] D. Gerosa, S. Ma, K. W. K. Wong, E. Berti, R. O’Shaughnessy, Y. Chen, and K. Belczynski, Phys. Rev. D 99, 103004 (2019), arXiv:1902.00021 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [84] F. Iacovelli, J. Tissino, J. Harms, and E. Berti, (2025), arXiv:2512.09978 [gr-qc] .
- [85] J. Harms et al. (LGWA), Astrophys. J. 910, 1 (2021), arXiv:2010.13726 [gr-qc] .
- [86] A. B. Yelikar and K. Jani, (2025), arXiv:2510.05400 [gr-qc] .
- [87] R. Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific, Virgo), Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 101102 (2020), arXiv:2009.01075 [gr-qc] .
- [88] A. G. Abac et al. (LIGO Scientific, VIRGO, KAGRA), Astrophys. J. Lett. 993, L25 (2025), arXiv:2507.08219 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [89] P. Amaro-Seoane and L. Santamaria, Astrophys. J. 722, 1197 (2010), arXiv:0910.0254 [astroph.CO] .
- [90] K. Jani, D. Shoemaker, and C. Cutler, Nature Astron. 4, 260 (2019), arXiv:1908.04985 [gr-qc] .
- [91] G. Benetti, M. Branchesi, J. Harms, and J.-P. Zendri, (2025), arXiv:2509.07849 [gr-qc] .
- [92] P. A. Palicio, F. Matteucci, M. Della Valle, and E. Spitoni, Astron. Astrophys. 689, A203 (2024), arXiv:2402.16635 [astro-ph.CO] .
- [93] R. K. Kopparapu, C. Hanna, V. Kalogera, R. O’Shaughnessy, G. González, P. R. Brady, and S. Fairhurst, Astrophys. J. 675, 1459 (2008), arXiv:0706.1283 [astro-ph] .
- [94] I. Mandel, D. A. Brown, J. R. Gair, and M. C. Miller, Astrophys. J. 681, 1431 (2008), arXiv:0705.0285 [astro-ph] .
- [95] K. Kritos, E. Berti, and J. Silk, Phys. Rev. D 108, 083012 (2023), arXiv:2212.06845 [astroph.HE] .
- [96] K. Kritos, E. Berti, and J. Silk, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 531, 133 (2024), arXiv:2404.11676 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [97] R. A. Purohit, G. Fragione, F. A. Rasio, G. C. Petter, and R. C. Hickox, Astron. J. 167, 191 (2024), arXiv:2401.06731 [astro-ph.GA] .
- [98] A. Sesana, A. Vecchio, M. Eracleous, and S. Sigurdsson, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 391, 718 (2008), arXiv:0806.0624 [astro-ph] .
- [99] K. Maguire, M. Eracleous, P. G. Jonker, M. MacLeod, and S. Rosswog, Space Sci. Rev. 216, 39 (2020), arXiv:2004.00146 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [100] D. Li et al., (2025), arXiv:2509.25877 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [101] P. Anninos, P. C. Fragile, S. S. Olivier, R. Hoffman, B. Mishra, and K. Camarda, Astrophys. J. 865, 3 (2018), arXiv:1808.05664 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [102] M. Toscani, L. Broggi, A. Sesana, and E. M. Rossi, Astron. Astrophys. 703, A75 (2025), arXiv:2505.22516 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [103] P. C. Peters and J. Mathews, Phys. Rev. 131, 435 (1963).
- [104] A. Nishizawa, E. Berti, A. Klein, and A. Sesana, Phys. Rev. D 94, 064020 (2016), arXiv:1605.01341 [gr-qc] .
- [105] A. Nishizawa, A. Sesana, E. Berti, and A. Klein, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 465, 4375 (2017), arXiv:1606.09295 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [106] K. Breivik, C. L. Rodriguez, S. L. Larson, V. Kalogera, and F. A. Rasio, Astrophys. J. Lett. 830, L18 (2016), arXiv:1606.09558 [astro-ph.GA] .
- [107] M. Zevin, I. M. Romero-Shaw, K. Kremer, E. Thrane, and P. D. Lasky, Astrophys. J. Lett. 921, L43 (2021), arXiv:2106.09042 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [108] G. Fumagalli, I. Romero-Shaw, D. Gerosa, V. De Renzis, K. Kritos, and A. Olejak, Phys. Rev. D 110, 063012 (2024), arXiv:2405.14945 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [109] I. Kowalska, T. Bulik, K. Belczynski, M. Dominik, and D. Gondek-Rosinska, Astron. Astrophys. 527, A70 (2011), arXiv:1010.0511 [astro-ph.CO] .
- [110] C. L. Rodriguez, P. Amaro-Seoane, S. Chatterjee, K. Kremer, F. A. Rasio, J. Samsing, C. S. Ye, and M. Zevin, Phys. Rev. D 98, 123005 (2018), arXiv:1811.04926 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [111] K. Kritos, V. Strokov, V. Baibhav, and E. Berti, Phys. Rev. D 110, 043023 (2024), arXiv:2210.10055 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [112] J. Samsing and E. Ramirez-Ruiz, Astrophys. J. Lett. 840, L14 (2017), arXiv:1703.09703 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [113] J. Samsing, I. Bartos, D. J. D’Orazio, Z. Haiman, B. Kocsis, N. W. C. Leigh, B. Liu, M. E. Pessah, and H. Tagawa, Nature 603, 237 (2022), arXiv:2010.09765 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [114] H. Gil Choi, T. Yang, and H. M. Lee, Phys. Rev. D 110, 024025 (2024), arXiv:2210.09541 [gr-qc] .
- [115] L. Wen, Astrophys. J. 598, 419 (2003), arXiv:astro-ph/0211492 .
- [116] J. Samsing and D. J. D’Orazio, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 481, 5445 (2018), arXiv:1804.06519 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [117] R. M. O’Leary, B. Kocsis, and A. Loeb, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 395, 2127 (2009), arXiv:0807.2638 [astro-ph] .
- [118] J. Samsing, D. J. D’Orazio, K. Kremer, C. L. Rodriguez, and A. Askar, Phys. Rev. D 101, 123010 (2020), arXiv:1907.11231 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [119] S. Borhanian, A. Dhani, A. Gupta, K. G. Arun, and B. S. Sathyaprakash, Astrophys. J. Lett. 905, L28 (2020), arXiv:2007.02883 [astro-ph.CO] .
- [120] A. Chen, JCAP 07, 076 (2025), arXiv:2505.12678 [gr-qc] .
- [121] Y. Dang et al., (2025), arXiv:2512.21729 [astro-ph.CO] .
- [122] M. Maggiore, Gravitational Waves. Vol. 1: Theory and Experiments (Oxford University Press, 2007).
- [123] J. D. Romano and N. J. Cornish, Living Rev. Rel. 20, 2 (2017), arXiv:1608.06889 [gr-qc] .
- [124] S. Staelens and G. Nelemans, Astron. Astrophys. 683, A139 (2024), arXiv:2310.19448 [astroph.HE] .
- [125] G. Boileau, T. Bruel, A. Toubiana, A. Lamberts, and N. Christensen, Astron. Astrophys. 702, A246 (2025), arXiv:2506.18390 [gr-qc] .
- [126] C. Cutler and J. Harms, Phys. Rev. D 73, 042001 (2006), arXiv:gr-qc/0511092 .
- [127] C. M. Will, Astrophys. J. 163, 611 (1971).
- [128] E. Berti et al., Class. Quant. Grav. 32, 243001 (2015), arXiv:1501.07274 [gr-qc] .
- [129] L. Barack et al., Class. Quant. Grav. 36, 143001 (2019), arXiv:1806.05195 [gr-qc] .
- [130] N. Yunes and F. Pretorius, Phys. Rev. D 80, 122003 (2009), arXiv:0909.3328 [gr-qc] .
- [131] R. Nair, S. Perkins, H. O. Silva, and N. Yunes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 191101 (2019), arXiv:1905.00870 [gr-qc] .
- [132] G. Gnocchi, A. Maselli, T. Abdelsalhin, N. Giacobbo, and M. Mapelli, Phys. Rev. D 100, 064024 (2019), arXiv:1905.13460 [gr-qc] .
- [133] N. V. Krishnendu, K. G. Arun, and C. K. Mishra, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 091101 (2017), arXiv:1701.06318 [gr-qc] .
- [134] V. Cardoso and P. Pani, Living Rev. Rel. 22, 4 (2019), arXiv:1904.05363 [gr-qc] .
- [135] I. Bena and D. R. Mayerson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 221602 (2020), arXiv:2006.10750 [hep-th] .
- [136] M. Vaglio, C. Pacilio, A. Maselli, and P. Pani, Phys. Rev. D 108, 023021 (2023), arXiv:2302.13954 [gr-qc] .
- [137] E. Berti, V. Cardoso, and C. M. Will, Phys. Rev. D 73, 064030 (2006), arXiv:gr-qc/0512160 .
- [138] J. Meidam, M. Agathos, C. Van Den Broeck, J. Veitch, and B. S. Sathyaprakash, Phys. Rev. D 90, 064009 (2014), arXiv:1406.3201 [gr-qc] .
- [139] R. Brito, A. Buonanno, and V. Raymond, Phys. Rev. D 98, 084038 (2018), arXiv:1805.00293 [gr-qc] .
- [140] A. Maselli, P. Pani, L. Gualtieri, and E. Berti, Phys. Rev. D 101, 024043 (2020), arXiv:1910.12893 [gr-qc] .
- [141] C. D. Capano and A. H. Nitz, Phys. Rev. D 102, 124070 (2020), arXiv:2008.02248 [gr-qc] .
- [142] G. Carullo, Phys. Rev. D 103, 124043 (2021), arXiv:2102.05939 [gr-qc] .
- [143] A. Maselli, S. Yi, L. Pierini, V. Vellucci, L. Reali, L. Gualtieri, and E. Berti, Phys. Rev. D 109, 064060 (2024), arXiv:2311.14803 [gr-qc] .
- [144] E. Berti et al., (2025), arXiv:2505.23895 [gr-qc] .
- [145] S. A. Hughes and K. Menou, Astrophys. J. 623, 689 (2005), arXiv:astro-ph/0410148 .
- [146] A. Ghosh et al., Phys. Rev. D 94, 021101 (2016), arXiv:1602.02453 [gr-qc] .
- [147] A. Ghosh, N. K. Johnson-Mcdaniel, A. Ghosh, C. K. Mishra, P. Ajith, W. Del Pozzo, C. P. L. Berry, A. B. Nielsen, and L. London, Class. Quant. Grav. 35, 014002 (2018), arXiv:1704.06784 [gr-qc] .
- [148] M. Cabero, J. Westerweck, C. D. Capano, S. Kumar, A. B. Nielsen, and B. Krishnan, Phys. Rev. D 101, 064044 (2020), arXiv:1911.01361 [gr-qc] .
- [149] J. Harms, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 071102 (2022), arXiv:2205.07255 [gr-qc] .
- [150] C. Wang, Y. Jia, C. Xue, Y. Lin, J. Liu, X. Fu, L. Xu, Y. Huang, Y. Zhao, Y. Xu, R. Gao, Y. Wei, Y. Tang, D. Yu, and Y. Zou, National Science Review 11, nwad329 (2023), https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article-pdf/11/2/nwad329/56730230/nwad329.pdf .
- [151] A. Aboobaker, M. Panning, and D. Bugby, in 2024 IEEE Aerospace Conference (2024) pp. 1–8.
- [152] J. van Heijningen et al., J. Appl. Phys. 133, 244501 (2023), arXiv:2301.13685 [gr-qc] .
- [153] A. Cozzumbo, B. Mestichelli, M. Mirabile, L. Paiella, J. Tissino, and J. Harms, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 382, 20230066 (2024), published 9 May 2024 (Epub 25 March 2024), arXiv:arXiv:2309.15160 [astro-ph.IM] .
- [154] J. Harms, M. Branchesi, E. Coccia, E. Brocato, E. Cappellaro, C. Pernechele, M. Civitani, S. Covino, R. D. Ceca, C. Dionisio, A. Frigeri, A. Grado, A. Marcelli, E. Pace, R. Stanga, E. Palazzi, and M. Pallavicini, Campaign: Ideas for exploring the Moon with a large European lander (2020).
- [155] J. Harms, L. Angelini, L. Betti, V. Braito, M. Branchesi, E. Brocato, E. Cappellaro, E. Coccia, S. Covino, S. Dall’Osso, R. D. Ceca, M. Focardi, A. Frigeri, A. Grado, A. Marcelli, A. Maselli, M. Olivieri, E. Pace, E. Palazzi, C. Pernechele, A. Possenti, S. Ronchini, R. Serafinelli, P. Severgnini, A. Sharma, R. Stanga, and G. Tagliaferri, Artemis III Science Definition Team - White Papers (2020).
- [156] J. Harms, L. Angelini, F. Badaracco, S. Benetti, A. Bertolini, S. Benetti, X. Bian, A. Bonforte, E. Bozzo, M. ter Brake, M. Branchesi, E. Cappellaro, C. Collette, M. Coughlin, S. Covino1, R. D. Ceca, R. DeSalvo, G. D. Rico, A. Frigeri, C. Giunchi, J. van Heijningen, V. Mandic, S. Márka, A. Maselli, D. Melini, A. C. S. Oliveira, M. Olivieri, A. Perali, R. Serafinelli, and P. Severgnini, Decadal Survey on Biological and Physical Sciences Research in Space 2023-2032 - Research Campaign (2021).
- [157] K. Jani et al., (2025), arXiv:2508.11631 [gr-qc] .
- [158] K. Jani and A. Loeb, (2020), 10.1088/1475-7516/2021/06/044, arXiv:2007.08550 [gr-qc] .
- [159] T. Creighton, P. Lognonné, M. P. Panning, J. Trippe, V. Quetschke, and K. Jani, (2025), arXiv:2508.18437 [gr-qc] .
- [160] J. Majstorović, L. Vidal, and P. Lognonné, Phys. Rev. D 111, 044061 (2025), arXiv:2411.09559 [gr-qc] .
- [161] B. N. Shapiro, (2025), arXiv:2512.11268 [gr-qc] .
- [162] M. Pichardo Marcano, A. B. Yelikar, and K. Jani, Astrophys. J. 992, 16 (2025), arXiv:2503.04936 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [163] J. E. Greene, J. Strader, and L. C. Ho, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 58, 257 (2020), arXiv:1911.09678 [astro-ph.GA] .
- [164] M. P. Panning, P. Lognonné, T. Creighton, J. Trippe, V. Quetschke, J. Majstrorović, and K. Jani, (2025), arXiv:2509.15452 [physics.geo-ph] .
- [165] T. Ito et al., “SILVIA: Ultra-precision formation flying demonstration for space-based interferometry,” (2025), https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.05001, arXiv:2504.05001 [astro-ph.IM] .
- [166] S. P. Quanz et al., Astron. Astrophys. 664, A21 (2022), arXiv:2101.07500 [astro-ph.EP] .
- [167] A. Aeppli, K. Kim, W. Warfield, M. S. Safronova, and J. Ye, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 023401 (2024), arXiv:2403.10664 [physics.atom-ph] .
- [168] S. Kolkowitz, I. Pikovski, N. Langellier, M. D. Lukin, R. L. Walsworth, and J. Ye, Phys. Rev. D 94, 124043 (2016), arXiv:1606.01859 [physics.atom-ph] .
- [169] J. M. Hogan and M. A. Kasevich, Phys. Rev. A 94, 033632 (2016), arXiv:1501.06797 [physics.atom-ph] .
- [170] M. A. Norcia, J. R. K. Cline, and J. K. Thompson, Phys. Rev. A 96, 042118 (2017), arXiv:1707.04571 [physics.atom-ph] .
- [171] P. W. Graham, J. M. Hogan, M. A. Kasevich, and S. Rajendran, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 171102 (2013), arXiv:1206.0818 [quant-ph] .
- [172] A. Arvanitaki, P. W. Graham, J. M. Hogan, S. Rajendran, and K. Van Tilburg, Phys. Rev. D 97, 075020 (2018), arXiv:1606.04541 [hep-ph] .
- [173] M. Abe et al. (MAGIS-100), Quantum Sci. Technol. 6, 044003 (2021), arXiv:2104.02835 [physics.atom-ph] .
- [174] T. Wilkason, M. Nantel, J. Rudolph, Y. Jiang, B. E. Garber, H. Swan, S. P. Carman, M. Abe, and J. M. Hogan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 183202 (2022), arXiv:2205.06965 [physics.atom-ph] .
- [175] P. W. Graham, J. M. Hogan, M. A. Kasevich, and S. Rajendran, Phys. Rev. D 94, 104022 (2016), arXiv:1606.01860 [physics.atom-ph] .
- [176] Y. Wang, J. Glick, T. Deshpande, K. DeRose, S. Saraf, N. Sachdeva, K. Jiang, Z. Chen, and T. Kovachy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 243403 (2024), arXiv:2407.11246 [quant-ph] .
- [177] S. M. Dickerson, J. M. Hogan, A. Sugarbaker, D. M. S. Johnson, and M. A. Kasevich, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 083001 (2013), arXiv:1305.1700 [physics.atom-ph] .
- [178] M. Schilling, É. Wodey, L. Timmen, D. Tell, K. H. Zipfel, D. Schlippert, C. Schubert, E. M. Rasel, and J. Müller, J. Geod. 94, 122 (2020), arXiv:2003.04875 [physics.ins-det] .
- [179] L. Zhou, Z. Y. Xiong, W. Yang, B. Tang, W. C. Peng, K. Hao, R. B. Li, M. Liu, J. Wang, and M. S. Zhan, Gen. Rel. Grav. 43, 1931 (2011).
- [180] B. Canuel, A. Bertoldi, L. Amand, E. Pozzo di Borgo, T. Chantrait, C. Danquigny, M. Dovale Álvarez, B. Fang, A. Freise, R. Geiger, J. Gillot, S. Henry, J. Hinderer, D. Holleville, J. Junca, G. Lefèvre, M. Merzougui, N. Mielec, T. Monfret, S. Pelisson, M. Prevedelli, S. Reynaud, I. Riou, Y. Rogister, S. Rosat, E. Cormier, A. Landragin, W. Chaibi, S. Gaffet, and P. Bouyer, Scientific Reports 8, 14064 (2018), arXiv:1703.02490 [physics.atom-ph] .
- [181] M.-S. Zhan, J. Wang, W.-T. Ni, D.-F. Gao, G. Wang, L.-X. He, R.-B. Li, L. Zhou, X. Chen, J.-Q. Zhong, B. Tang, Z.-W. Yao, L. Zhu, Z.-Y. Xiong, S.-B. Lu, G.-H. Yu, Q.-F. Cheng, M. Liu, Y.-R. Liang, P. Xu, X.-D. He, M. Ke, Z. Tan, and J. Luo, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 29, 1940005 (2020), arXiv:1903.09288 [physics.atom-ph] .
- [182] L. Badurina et al., JCAP 05, 011 (2020), arXiv:1911.11755 [astro-ph.CO] .
- [183] A. Abdalla et al., EPJ Quant. Technol. 12, 42 (2025), arXiv:2412.14960 [hep-ex] .
- [184] C.-C. Chen, R. González Escudero, J. Minář, B. Pasquiou, S. Bennetts, and F. Schreck, Nature 606, 683 (2022), arXiv:2012.07605 [cond-mat.quant-gas] .
- [185] R. Roy, A. Green, R. Bowler, and S. Gupta, Phys. Rev. A 93, 043403 (2016), arXiv:1601.05103 [physics.atom-ph] .
- [186] O. Hosten, N. J. Engelsen, R. Krishnakumar, and M. A. Kasevich, Nature 529, 505 (2016).
- [187] M. M. Phillips, Astrophys. J. Lett. 413, L105 (1993).
- [188] A. J. Ruiter and I. R. Seitenzahl, Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 33, 1 (2025), arXiv:2412.01766 [astro-ph.SR] .
- [189] G. Benetti, M. Branchesi, J. Harms, and J.-P. Zendri, (2025), arXiv:2509.07849 [gr-qc] .
- [190] S. Yi, S. Y. Lau, K. Yagi, and P. Arras, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 531, 4681 (2024), arXiv:2310.16172 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [191] M. H. van Kerkwijk, P. Chang, and S. Justham, Astrophys. J. Lett. 722, L157 (2010), arXiv:1006.4391 [astro-ph.SR] .
- [192] N. Soker, Science China Physics, Mechanics, and Astronomy 61, 049502 (2018), arXiv:1710.10791 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [193] J. Samsing, K. Hendriks, L. Zwick, D. J. D’Orazio, and B. Liu, Astrophys. J. 990, 211 (2025), arXiv:2403.05625 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [194] J. Stegmann, L. Zwick, S. M. Vermeulen, F. Antonini, and L. Mayer, Nat. Astron. 8, 1321 (2024), arXiv:2311.06335 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [195] J. Samsing, L. Zwick, P. Saini, D. J. D’Orazio, K. Hendriks, J. Marı́a Ezquiaga, R. K. L. Lo, L. Vujeva, G. D. Radev, and Y. Yu, (2024), arXiv:2412.14159 [astro-ph.HE] .
- [196] B. Kocsis and J. Levin, Phys. Rev. D 85, 123005 (2012), arXiv:1109.4170 [astro-ph.CO] .
- [197] R. M. O’Leary, B. Kocsis, and A. Loeb, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 395, 2127 (2009), arXiv:0807.2638 [astro-ph] .