Practical approaches to analyzing PTA data: Cosmic strings with six pulsars

Author(s)

Quelquejay Leclere, Hippolyte, Auclair, Pierre, Babak, Stanislav, Chalumeau, Aurélien, Steer, Danièle A., Antoniadis, J., Nielsen, A.-S. Bak, Bassa, C.G., Berthereau, A., Bonetti, M., Bortolas, E., Brook, P.R., Burgay, M., Caballero, R.N., Champion, D.J., Chanlaridis, S., Chen, S., Cognard, I., Desvignes, G., Falxa, M., Ferdman, R.D., Franchini, A., Gair, J.R., Goncharov, B., Graikou, E., Grießmeier, J.-M., Guillemot, L., Guo, Y.J., Hu, H., Iraci, F., Izquierdo-Villalba, D., Jang, J., Jawor, J., Janssen, G.H., Jessner, A., Karuppusamy, R., Keane, E.F., Keith, M.J., Kramer, M., Krishnakumar, M.A., Lackeos, K., Lee, K.J., Liu, K., Liu, Y., Lyne, A.G., McKee, J.W., Main, R.A., Mickaliger, M.B., Niţu, I.C., Parthasarathy, A., Perera, B.B.P., Perrodin, D., Petiteau, A., Porayko, N.K., Possenti, A., Samajdar, A., Sanidas, S.A., Sesana, A., Shaifullah, G., Speri, L., Spiewak, R., Stappers, B.W., Susarla, S.C., Theureau, G., Tiburzi, C., van der Wateren, E., Vecchio, A., Venkatraman Krishnan, V., Verbiest, J.P.W., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wu, Z.

Abstract

We search for a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) generated by a network of cosmic strings using six millisecond pulsars from Data Release 2 (DR2) of the European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA). We perform a Bayesian analysis considering two models for the network of cosmic string loops, and compare it to a simple power-law model which is expected from the population of supermassive black hole binaries. Our main strong assumption is that the previously reported common red noise process is a SGWB. We find that the one-parameter cosmic string model is slightly favored over a power-law model thanks to its simplicity. If we assume a two-component stochastic signal in the data (supermassive black hole binary population and the signal from cosmic strings), we get a $95\%$ upper limit on the string tension of $\log_{10}(G\mu) < -9.9$ ($-10.5$) for the two cosmic string models we consider. In extended two-parameter string models, we were unable to constrain the number of kinks. We test two approximate and fast Bayesian data analysis methods against the most rigorous analysis and find consistent results. These two fast and efficient methods are applicable to all SGWBs, independent of their source, and will be crucial for analysis of extended data sets.

Figures

SGWB from a network of cosmic string loops, expressed in terms of characteristic energy density. The spectrum is computed using the BOS (resp.~LRS) loop number density model for the solid (resp.~dashed) lines. Here we have taken $N_c=2, N_k=0$ leading to $\Gamma =57$. For each model, computations using three different tension values $G\mu$ are represented. The sensitivity frequency range of EPTA corresponds to the yellow band.

SGWB from a network of cosmic string loops, expressed in terms of characteristic energy density. The spectrum is computed using the BOS (resp.~LRS) loop number density model for the solid (resp.~dashed) lines. Here we have taken $N_c=2, N_k=0$ leading to $\Gamma =57$. For each model, computations using three different tension values $G\mu$ are represented. The sensitivity frequency range of EPTA corresponds to the yellow band.


Comparison of the string tension posteriors (for two string models, BOS and LRS) obtained with the Full method (dashed lines), Resampling (RS) method (dotted lines) and with the free spectrum (FS) method (solid lines). We assume here that the loops are populated by two cusps, leading to $\Gamma = 57$.

Comparison of the string tension posteriors (for two string models, BOS and LRS) obtained with the Full method (dashed lines), Resampling (RS) method (dotted lines) and with the free spectrum (FS) method (solid lines). We assume here that the loops are populated by two cusps, leading to $\Gamma = 57$.


Left panel: posterior for two-dimensional (string tension and the average number of kinks on loops of the network) BOS model; different lines styles corresponding to three methods (Full, RS, FS) show full consistency. Right panel: the same for the LRS loop number density model.

Left panel: posterior for two-dimensional (string tension and the average number of kinks on loops of the network) BOS model; different lines styles corresponding to three methods (Full, RS, FS) show full consistency. Right panel: the same for the LRS loop number density model.


Left panel: posterior for two-dimensional (string tension and the average number of kinks on loops of the network) BOS model; different lines styles corresponding to three methods (Full, RS, FS) show full consistency. Right panel: the same for the LRS loop number density model.

Left panel: posterior for two-dimensional (string tension and the average number of kinks on loops of the network) BOS model; different lines styles corresponding to three methods (Full, RS, FS) show full consistency. Right panel: the same for the LRS loop number density model.


Posterior distributions of the 30 $\rho_k$ coefficients (in $\log_{10}$-scale). We over-plotted the best fit (using the FS likelihood of \cref{eq:FS_part_Fact_Lklhd}) for three different PSDs: powerlaw, SGWB using BOS and LRS models (in the case of smoothed loops). We see that all three spectra behave in a similar way at low frequency bins.

Posterior distributions of the 30 $\rho_k$ coefficients (in $\log_{10}$-scale). We over-plotted the best fit (using the FS likelihood of \cref{eq:FS_part_Fact_Lklhd}) for three different PSDs: powerlaw, SGWB using BOS and LRS models (in the case of smoothed loops). We see that all three spectra behave in a similar way at low frequency bins.


Marginalized red noise parameters posteriors for the pulsar J1909-3744 obtained with the Full method including HD correlation for the common red noise process. Brown dashed and solid lines were obtained using different prior on the power in the Fourier bins (passing from $-10$ to $-15$ for the $\log_{10}\rho_k$ lower bound). The solid line (restricted prior) suggests a truncated correlation of the common red noise with the spin red noise of J1909-3744. We also plotted for comparison those posteriors when using as common red noise, a SGWB from cosmic string following the BOS (blue line)/LRS (orange line) models.

Marginalized red noise parameters posteriors for the pulsar J1909-3744 obtained with the Full method including HD correlation for the common red noise process. Brown dashed and solid lines were obtained using different prior on the power in the Fourier bins (passing from $-10$ to $-15$ for the $\log_{10}\rho_k$ lower bound). The solid line (restricted prior) suggests a truncated correlation of the common red noise with the spin red noise of J1909-3744. We also plotted for comparison those posteriors when using as common red noise, a SGWB from cosmic string following the BOS (blue line)/LRS (orange line) models.


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